mercredi 17 avril 2013

Le matin de Rocroi - The morning of Rocroi - 19 mai 1643





Le matin de Rocroi selon le baron de Sirot :

On résolut donc d'en venir en un combat général, en cas que les ennemis y voulussent entendre, et qu'ils ne levassent point le siège à l'arrivée, de nos troupes. On disposa donc tontes choses pour la bataille, et on en fit la distribution. Le sieur de Gassion commanda l'aile droite; le sieur de La Ferté-Senneterre l'aile gauche. Le duc d'Enghien, le maréchal de L'Hôpital, le sieur d'Espenan et le sieur de La Vallière étaient en la bataille  et moi j'eus le commandement du corps de réserve qui était composé de deux mille hommes de pied et de mille chevaux. (...)
Aussitôt que le duc d'Enghien et nos officiers généraux furent sortis hors de ce passage, ils disposèrent leur armée en ordre de bataille, ainsi qu'ils étaient convenus, et marchèrent jusqu'à une certaine plaine qui était voisine du lieu où les ennemis étaient en bataille. Ils avaient laissé la place derrière eux à une portée de canon, et les deux armées ne se trouvèrent éloignées l'une de l'autre que de deux portées de mousquet, et elles y demeurèrent tout le jour; mais ce ne fut pas sans de grandes escarmouches, et le canon fit grand bruit de part et d'autre. Toutefois, celui des ennemis fit beaucoup plus de dommage à notre année qu'ils n'en reçurent du nôtre ; car, outre qu'il était mieux placé il était bien mieux servi, et leurs canonniers étaient plus experts et plus adroits que les nôtres, car il y eut ce jour là plus de deux mille de nos soldats hors, de combat ou de tués, tant d'infanterie que de cavalerie.
La nuit fut plus favorable à notre armée que le jour : elle nous donna un peu de relâche, et nos officiers généraux redressèrent notre première ligne, et la remirent en son ordre ; car le marquis de La Ferté avait séparé l'aile gauche qu'il commandait de plus de deux mille pas du corps de la bataille, ce qui pensa causer la perte du combat; et si les ennemis eussent chargé nos troupes ainsi qu'ils le devaient, ils les auraient battues ; et ni le corps de bataille, ni moi avec le corps de réserve, nous ne les aurions pu secourir.
Mais le 19 mai, à la pointe du jour, l'armée des ennemis se trouva en même disposition que la nôtre, et parut avoir dessein d'en venir à un combat général; si bien que nos soldats ayant couché en bataille sur leurs armes, ils n'eurent qu'à se lever, souffler leur mèche et la mettre sur le serpentin pour faire leurs décharges sur les ennemis; et comme leur dessein était semblable au nôtre, leurs troupes se trouvèrent aussi en même disposition. La bataille commença donc à quatre heures du matin. 

The morning of Rocroi according to Sirot :

Thus it was decided that we would give battle if the enemy should resist and if the siege was not lifted at the arrival of our troops. Plans were laid for the battle to come and the battle array and the role of each was determined. Mr de Gassion would command the right flank, Mr de la Ferté-Senneterre, the left. The Duc d’Enghien, Maréchal de l’Hôpital, Mr d’Espenan and Mr de la Vallière were in the centre, and I was in command of the reserve consisting of two thousand infantry and a thousand cavalry.
As soon as the Duc d’Enghien and our generals passed safely through this point, they placed their forces in array, as had been decided, and they marched to a certain plateau which was close to the place where the enemy was lined up for battle. The town was behind them within range of cannon fire, and the two armies were only at a distance of two musket ranges from each other, and they remained thus for the entire day; but this was not without large skirmishes, and the cannon made much noise on all sides. Nevertheless, that of the enemy caused much more damage to our army than they received from us; for, besides the fact that it was better placed, it was also much better used, and their gunners were more expert and more skilful than ours. As a result, on that day, more than two thousand of our soldiers were killed or wounded in both the infantry and the cavalry.
Night was more favourable to our army than day; it gave us some respite, and our generals reorganised and strengthened our front line; for the Marquis de la Ferté had separated the left flank, which he commanded, by more than two thousand paces from the battle corps, which could have caused the loss of the battle. If the enemy had charged our troops, as they should have done, they would have defeated them. And neither the battle corps, nor I with the reserve, would have been able to assist them.
However, on May 19th, at daybreak, the enemy’s army was still in the same position as ours, and seemed to be prepared for full combat. Indeed, our soldiers having slept in battle order with their weapons, they had only to rise, blow on their fuses, place them on their cannon and fire upon the enemy. And since their intentions were the same as ours, their troops found themselves in the same position. The battle began at four o’clock in the morning.


dimanche 14 avril 2013

Guébriant crosses the Rhine, 28th of december, 1639



On december, the 28th of 1639, Guébriant crosses the Rhine at Bacharach and Oberwesel. Here are, below, his orders (from L'Histoire de Guébriant). English version.

Count Guébriant chooses two convenient locations for boarding, which were Obervezel and Bacharach. The first was the easiest, as the horses crossed by swimming after a rider has unsaddled his he, and led by the bridle, according to the order Count Guébriant had given for the test. So that in a single day passed Rosen’s regiments and his dragons. They threw a few trucks in the Rhine, not having the intelligence to dismantle and load them onto the boats. But having learned that Count Guébriant found this expedient at the passage of Bacharach, which he led, leaving it to lieutenant colonel of artillery, they did the same and left nothing to carry.

On 28 of December, two hours after midnight, the count of Guébriant began his boarding at Bacharach, waiting fot the army of the Duke of Longueville, and have passed first the Sieur de Roqueservières, sergeant of battle, with 200 men, from Guébriant and Schmidberg regiments that line up in battle near Laurick (Lorch). Followed Chamboy, aide de camp, with Guébriant and Schmidberg regiments, and the Duke coming to lead the crossing of the others, Count Guébriant also embarked with the regiment of Melun, to take Laurick (Lorch), which is a great town closed beyond the Rhine, where 25 dragoons of the enemy were guarding with peasant refugees.



At Bacharach

40 musketeers from Guébriant, with one captain, one lieutenant and four sergeants.
40 musketeers from Schmidberg, with one captain, one lieutenant and four sergeants. 
25 pikemen from Guébriant, with one captain, one lieutenant and three sergeants.
25 pikemen from Schmidberg, with one captain, one lieutenant and three sergeants.
One capitain and thirty horses from Rosen. All at the time if possible.
Guébriant regiment.
Schmidberg regiment.
Rosen regiment.
Two 3 pounds ordnances, 2 caques of powder, one thousand musket balls, 4 packages of match cord, fifity balls of 3.
Melun.
Nettancourt.
Two horse régiments from Rosen brigade.
The two 6 pounds ordonances that have to come from Mesenheim in battery ont the shoreto help the crossing.
Rosen dragoons in order to guard the brigade's bagage.
Ammunition will leave Kreuznach on monday with Melun and Nettancourt regiments.
The 6 pounds ordnances coming from Mesenheim will be escort by the black (weimar) regiment and will reach Bacharach on thursday with the said régiment, and will send to Bacharach, in order to know what they will have to do.

At Oberwesel
40 musketeers from Forbus with one captain and three sergeants.
30 pikemen from Forbus with one capitain, one lieutenant and three sergeants.
50 horses with one capitain from Rosen brigade, all at the time.
The yellow, red and scottish regiments (all weimarians).
Else of the two horse regiments from Rosen cavalry brigade.
Flerschein regiment will reach without fail Oberwesel on thursday evening, and will hold the post until all the cavalry and the bagage would have crossed, and for this purpose will be thuesday evening at Kreuznach.
The black (weimarian) regiment will go without fail thursday evening at Bacharach, and will hold the post until all the cavalry and the bagage would have crossed, and for this purpose will be thuesday evening at Kreuznach.
The count of Nassau brigade will go early on thursday at the quarters nearest of Obervezel and Bacharach, to cross the same day if necessary, or the next day at the latest.
On monday, Melun and Nettancourt regiments will leave Kreuznach, to be tuesday early in the evening at Bacharach, or other location that they will be given. Will send early at Bacharcach to take news.
Tuesday morning the heavy artillery will leave Kreuznach ti be drive at Bingen, will be escorted until this location by french cavalry. 
The french cavalry will leave its quarters tuesday morning, will come to Kreuznach, and will escrot artillery to Bingen.
On thursday will reach Bacharach, and send an officer at Bacharach to know what will have to do.
The order have to be tomorrow sunday at Poppartz (Boppard ?), and without fail tuesday evening at Oberwesel.
Have to send tomorrow sunday the horses with food at Mesenhein.





jeudi 11 avril 2013

Rocroi 1643


Paru chez Histoire & Collections, voici mon dernier ouvrage :
Rocroi 1643 : la victoire de la jeunesse.

Published by Histoire & Colelctions, here is my latest book :
Rocroi 1643 : The victory of youth



Le 20 avril 1643, alors que Louis XIII, se sentant faiblir, annonce à ses proches ses dernières volontés, le jeune duc d’Enghien réunit l’armée de Picardie. Cela fait déjà huit ans que Richelieu a convaincu le Roi d’entrer aux côtés des Suédois et États protestants allemands dans la guerre de Trente ans. Aucun adversaire n’a encore réussi à prendre l’ascendant. Le plus proche adversaire de la France, l’Espagne, se prépare à profiter des troubles et intrigues qui ne manqueront pas de survenir dans le cadre de cette régence annoncée. Le 12 mai, l’avant-garde de Francisco de Melo se présente sous les murs de Rocroi.
Bataille mythique, Rocroi est aussi une des plus controversée du XVIIe siècle. Depuis la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, époque à laquelle le français Henri d’Orléans duc d’Aumale et l’espagnol Antonio Canovas del Castillo se sont opposés sur le sujet, il existe deux versions de l’engagement.
Il y a quelques années, Juan-Luiz Sanchez-Martin en Espagne, de Bernard Gerrer  et Patrice Petit en France ont publié des documents jusque là peu exploités, même si ils laissent encore de nombreuses zones d’ombres sur le déroulement de la bataille. Entreprise délicate, cette nouvelle étude s’efforce de restituer la vision la plus fidèle qui soit de la bataille, tout en réconciliant l’ensemble des sources disponibles. Mais rassurons-nous, quelque soit la version, le jeune duc d’Enghien, le brillant Gassion, le rusé Sirot, l’expérimenté Issembourg et les redoutables tercios espagnols en restent les immortels héros.



Fought on 19 May 1643 between the French army of the Duc d’Enghien and the Spanich army under Francisco de Melo, Rocroi is probably one of the most controversial battles in the long period of conflict between the kingdoms of France and Spain. The numerous sources, be they official accounts, memoirs, or correspondence, most often contradict each other. The principal controversy of this battle, far from being anecdotal, concerns the French right flank, placed under the direct command of Louis II de Bourbon,the Duc d’Enghien. The version generally accepted by historians of French sources affirms that the cavalry of Gassion overthrew and quickly pushed backthe first Spanish companies, eventually defeating them. However, Spanishsources, defended by historians beyond the Pyrenees, contend that the cavalryof the Duc d’Albuquerque, opposing that of Gassion and Enghien, brokethrough the squadrons and two infantry regiments of the French advancedguard on two occasions! Thus, there exist today two battles of Rocroi: the one found in Spanish works and the one found in numerous French works. Reconstructing a global vision of the battle remains a delicate undertaking. For this reason and to avoid any dubious interpretation,it seemed necessary to Stephane Thion to include numerous quotations to illustrate the unfolding of this battle. A great study with splendid military paintings and pictures.

Et pour ceux qui s'intéresseraient à l'historique de cette formation qu'est la phalange, je vous rappelle que "Le soldat lagide de Ptolémée Sôter à Cléopâtre" est toujours disponible ici.

And for those who would be interested in the history of the phalanx, I remind you that "The Ptolemaic soldier from Ptolemy Sôter to Cleopâtra" is always available... Sadly, available only in french but it contains more than 30 color plates !